Proteomics analysis of extracellular vesicles during Vibrio anguillarum infection in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ) is a native fish of the North Atlantic Ocean used as sea lice biocontrol in Atlantic salmon farms. Lumpfish also has been used as model for marine infectious diseases and immunity. Lumpfish is susceptible to Vibrio anguillarum infection, and upon infection, lumpfish immunity is activated to preclude the disease progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in early immune cellular communication. Lumpfish EVs and their potential role in immunity have not been explored. Herein, EVs where isolated from serum of naïve lumpfish and from lumpfish infected with V. anguillarum at 5 and 10 days post infection (dpi). EVs characteristics were studied by electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking, and protein cargo was analysed by Western blot and proteomic analysis. The isolated EVs showed a spherical shape ranging from ∼30 nm to 300 nm in diameter, but at 5 dpi the size variation was higher. A total of 395 proteins were identified. Upregulated proteins were linked to complement pathway/innate immunity, heme/iron binding, defense response to bacterium, apoptotic signaling pathway, and actin binding. Downregulated proteins were associated with ribonucleoprotein/ribosomal protein, transport and translation elongation factor activity, acute phase, protein phosphorylation and apoptotic process. Upon infection V. anguillarum infection, lumpfish EVs cargo was modified, from transporting metabolic proteins to proteins related to immunity. Characterization of peripheral lumpfish EVs protein profile during V. anguillarum infection provided with potential biomarkers repertoire that could be utilised in the development of novel tools to diagnose and control of V. anguillarum infection in finfish aquaculture. • Peripheral EVs were successfully extracted from lumpfish serum in either uninfected or infected fish. • We found that the sizes of lumpfish EVs were highly variable in infected lumpfish with smaller sizes in contrast to uninfected lumpfish. • A total of 395 proteins were identified in EVs isolated lumpfish of which 73 proteins and 82 proteins were differentially expressed at 5 dpi and 10 dpi, respectively. • Upregulated proteins identified in exosomes from V. anguillarum infected lumpfish play roles in hemostasis, immune response, wound healing, cell homeostasis and cell death. • Potential biomarkers of V. anguillarum infection in lumpfish were identified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".