Spatial Variation of Polarization Ellipticity for Transionospheric HF Radio Waves Observed by RRI on e‐POP/Swarm‐E
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI) on Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP) onboard CASSIOPE/Swarm‐E can detect transionospheric radio waves from ground‐based transmitters. The RRI crossed‐dipoles were slewed toward the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) Ottawa transmitter during 10 experiments in April 2016 and 2017 to determine the polarization characteristics of the transionospheric HF radio waves. Six experiments were during geomagnetically quiet intervals and four during unsettled ionospheric conditions. The detected radio waves exhibit elliptical to circular polarized states over a broad region, extending beyond the theoretical range for aspect angle northward of the transmitter. In accordance with magnetoionic theory, the radio waves are mostly linear when the radio wave propagation direction and the geomagnetic field are antiparallel, which occurs to the south of the transmitter. During unsettled ionospheric conditions, the ellipticity magnitude can take on any value between and whereas during quiet conditions, the ellipticity magnitude has a variation within . Dominant regions of O‐ and X‐mode waves, derived from a power distribution model, hint at a plausible explanation for the observed variations in ellipticity magnitude and rotation sense of radio waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".