Vertical Expansion of Aragonite Undersaturated Waters in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean From 2003 to 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean is considered the region of the world's open ocean most susceptible to the Ocean Acidification (OA). This study examines progression of OA in the Canada Basin, focusing on expansion of surface and subsurface aragonite undersaturated waters (USW). Surface USW thickness increased from 0 m in 2003 to 19 ± 2 m in 2019. This change was due to freshening until 2012, and then due to increased uptake of anthropogenic CO2 after 2012. In the subsurface layer, USW thickness increased from 94 ± 6 m in 2003 to 136 ± 11 m in 2019. This change is primarily attributed to OA in upstream shelf regions, driven by increased CO2 uptake and respiration, with some contribution from thickening in the Pacific Winter Water layer. The combined thickening of surface and subsurface USW layers increased the percentage of USW in the 0–250 m water column from 38 ± 3% in 2003 to 62 ± 5% in 2019. Because of the concurrent deepening of the water masses due to the enhanced Beaufort Gyre, the replacement of oversaturated water to USW occurred mostly at the subsurface layer below 190 m. The thickness of the oversaturated layer between surface and subsurface USWs remained almost unchanged. If Beaufort Gyre weakens in the future, it would bring subsurface USW shallower, potentially affecting marine life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".