A wideband beam steering transmitarray antenna for Ka-band applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a broadband transmitarray antenna is designed to achieve beamsteering ability with high aperture efficiency for 5G communication systems. To this end, at first an innovative unit cell is designed based on constructive mutual coupling with 1-bit phase quantization (0°/180°), utilizing the current reverse technique. The proposed unit cell includes a modified patch array on top of the upper substrate (Tx) and two modified patch arrays on the bottom of the lower substrate (Rx). A metalized via-hole connects both layers. The results illustrate low insertion loss, consistently preserved across all phase configurations, alongside a broad 3-dB transmission bandwidth spanning from 25.82 GHz to 38.57 GHz (12.75 GHz). This is because the intensity of the current distribution varies across frequencies in the proposed unit cell. By combining these varying amplitudes across frequencies, the design achieves a wider bandwidth (BW). Next, a transmit array antenna is constructed using the proposed unit cell to confirm the beam-forming principle. The results indicate accurate beam steering to the intended angles with decent sidelobe levels, accompanied by an antenna gain increase of 12.22 dBi over its feed, reaching 25.52 dBi at 28 GHz. This significant gain results in an aperture efficiency of 41.6%. Besides, the −3 dB gain ranges from 26.8 to 36.1 GHz (9.3 GHz), corresponding to a bandwidth of 33.3% at the center frequency of 28 GHz. This enhancement stems from incorporating two unit cells in one unit cell, half-elliptical and rectangular-shaped patches, forming an array. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the proposed transmitarray antenna outperforms existing designs in terms of −3 dB gain bandwidth and aperture efficiency, representing a substantial contribution to the field of 5G antenna technologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".