Developmental stage of childhood trauma exposure and markers of inflammation at age 24
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It is largely unknown whether the specific developmental stage at which childhood trauma occurs is related to inflammatory dysregulation in adulthood. We aimed to explore if trauma exposure at distinct developmental stages in childhood is differentially associated with the novel marker of chronic inflammation - soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), as well as with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in early adulthood. METHODS: Participants were drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 3272). The trauma variables represent any trauma exposure within early (0-4.9 years), middle (5-10.9 years), or late (11-17 years) childhood, and were derived from the responses to 121 questions collected via standardised questionnaires regarding traumatic experiences including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, domestic violence, and bullying. Plasma suPAR, CRP and IL-6 samples were collected at age 24. Linear regression models assessed the relationship between trauma exposure at different developmental stages and the inflammatory markers, adjusting for sex, socio-economic status (SES) and child ethnicity. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified age 24 inflammatory profiles and multinomial logistic regressions identified associations between childhood trauma and these latent groups. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, late childhood trauma was significantly associated with age 24 suPAR (β = 0.06, 95 % CI [.03, 0.1], p = 0.001), CRP (β = 0.09, 95 % CI [.01, 0.17], p = 0.04) and IL-6 (β = 0.1, 95 % CI [.02, 0.19], p = 0.02). The relationship between late trauma and suPAR survived additional adjustment for prior trauma (β = 0.06, 95 % CI [.01, 0.11], p = 0.03). Middle childhood trauma was significantly associated with IL-6 (β = 0.1, 95 % CI [.02, 0.18], p = 0.02). This attenuated after additionally adjusting for prior trauma (β = 0.11, 95 % CI [-0.09, 0.3], p = 0.29). There was little evidence of an association between early trauma and any inflammatory marker. Exposure to any trauma from 0-17 years was associated with elevated suPAR (β = 0.04, 95 % CI [.005, 0.07], p = 0.025) and IL-6 (β = 0.1, 95 % CI [.02, 0.18], p = 0.02) after adjustment for confounders. Additionally, LPA identified three distinct inflammatory profiles: 1. no inflammatory dysregulation; 2. elevated CRP and IL-6 levels; and 3. a high inflammatory group characterised by elevated levels of suPAR, CRP and IL-6. After adjustment for confounders, individuals with trauma either in early (RR = 2.31, 95 % CI [1.16, 4.6], p = 0.017), middle (RR = 2.72, 95 % CI [1.4, 5.29], p = 0.003) or late (RR = 3.37, 95 % CI [1.7, 6.64], p < 0.001) childhood had an increased risk of being in the high inflammatory group. The association between late childhood trauma and this high inflammatory group survived adjustment for prior trauma (RR = 3.69, 95 % CI [1.44, 9.47], p = 0.007). DISCUSSION: When the inflammatory markers were analysed independently, late childhood trauma showed a strong association with age 24 suPAR levels after adjusting for confounders and prior trauma. When the inflammatory markers were analysed in combination, those with late childhood trauma also were likely to have an elevated suPAR, CRP and IL-6 inflammatory profile. Collectively, the findings highlight the propensity of late childhood trauma (rather than early or mid-childhood trauma) for the dysregulation of suPAR in early adulthood and support the measurement of suPAR in combination with other markers to better characterise the effects of childhood trauma on adult inflammation. Future studies should use suPAR in combination with CRP and IL-6 to further explore the inflammatory contribution in the relationship between trauma and adverse health outcomes in adulthood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".