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Record W4407698505 · doi:10.1080/07294360.2025.2462020

Measuring institutions’ country brand authenticity in transnational higher education

2025· article· en· W4407698505 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueHigher Education Research & Development · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicInternational Student and Expatriate Challenges
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHigher educationBusinessMarketingPolitical sciencePublic relationsSociologyEconomic growthAdvertisingEconomics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

When higher education students choose to enrol at a transnational education (TNE) or country-branded institution, they may want, and probably expect, an authentic ‘foreign’ educational experience. Most of the existing authenticity frameworks are not concerned with the contributory factors, and they are generic rather than industry or sector-specific. Hence, the aim of this research is to develop a measurement scale for country brand authenticity, specifically for use in transnational higher education settings. Researchers can use the scale to further explore antecedents and consequences of country brand authenticity. Also, a measurement scale for country brand authenticity enables institutions to map their existing performance against the key indicators, set clear targets and assess improvements in authenticity performance. The research built upon a conceptual framework adopted from the literature, and involved four phases of primary data collection: one with senior management expert informants and three with undergraduate students studying at American, British and Canadian affiliated universities in Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates. The data for the research were collected using a deductive qualitative written questionnaire, one focus group, and two online quantitative survey questionnaires. The research results in a robust 29-item measurement scale for country brand authenticity in TNE.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.948
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.138
GPT teacher head0.447
Teacher spread0.309 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it