The Na <sup>+</sup> -K <sup>+</sup> -ATPase alpha subunit is an entry receptor for white spot syndrome virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a debilitating viral pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global crustacean farming industry. It has a wide host tropism because it uses several receptors to facilitate its attachment and entry. Thus far, not all the receptors have been identified. Here, we employed a BioID-based screening method to identify the Na + -K + -ATPase alpha subunit ( Pv ATP1A) as a potential receptor in Penaeus vannamei . Although during the early stages of WSSV infection , Pv ATP1A was induced and underwent oligomerization, clustering, and internalization, knockdown of Pv ATP1A inhibited viral entry and replication. Pv ATP1A interacted with the WSSV envelope protein VP28 through its multiple extracellular regions, whereas synthetic Pv ATP1A extracellular region peptides blocked WSSV entry and replication. We showed that Pv ATP1A did not affect WSSV attachment but facilitated internalization via caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. These findings provide a robust receptor screening approach that identified Pv ATP1A as an entry receptor for WSSV, presenting a novel target for the development of anti-WSSV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Cell surface receptors are crucial for mediating virus entry into host cells. Identification and characterization of virus receptors are fundamental yet challenging aspects of virology research. In this study, a BioID-based screening method was employed to identify the Na + -K + -ATPase alpha subunit ( Pv ATP1A) as a potential receptor for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the shrimp Penaeus vannamei . We demonstrated that Pv ATP1A interacted with the WSSV envelope protein VP28 via its multiple extracellular regions, thereby promoting viral internalization through caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Importantly, compared with previously identified WSSV receptors such as β-integrin, glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), Pv ATP1A demonstrated significantly enhanced viral entry, indicating that Pv ATP1A is a crucial entry receptor of WSSV. This study not only presents a robust approach for screening virus receptors but also identifies Pv ATP1A as a promising target for the development of anti-WSSV therapeutics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".