Mineralogy and geochemistry of pattern formation in print stone from the Pilbara, Australia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract ‘Print stone’ is an iron-banded siltstone from the Pilbara Province of Western Australia that bears partial resemblance to iconic East Kimberley ‘zebra rock’ in both pattern morphology and mineralogical composition. Using a combination of mineralogy and elemental geochemistry, this investigation examines the mechanisms underlying the formation of periodic iron-oxide banding in print stone. We demonstrate that print stone patterns probably arose from the periodic deposition of hydrothermal pyrite during the early Palaeoproterozoic, as evidenced by the distinctive cuboid morphology of the hematite pigment, the deposition of iron oxides along fluid-transport pathways, the presence of extensive hydrothermal pyrite elsewhere in the formation, and the presence of a positive europium anomaly. Through spatial analysis of the iron-oxide banding, we further show that print stone adheres to the Liesegang spacing law with a spacing coefficient of 0.018. This suggests that the periodic deposition of pyrite in print stone arose due to the Liesegang phenomenon, which was probably triggered by the infiltration of near-neutral, sulfidic hydrothermal fluids into a ferruginous, feldspathic shale. Altogether, the present findings demonstrate the opportunity for iron-oxide Liesegang bands to develop in hydrothermal systems, providing additional insight into the mechanisms underlying the formation of the East Kimberley zebra rock and other banded geological material.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".