Association of body composition measures to muscle strength using DXA, D3Cr, and BIA in collegiate athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength are crucial for physiological function and performance in athletes, playing a significant role in maintaining health and optimal athletic performance. Skeletal muscle, which constitutes the majority of lean soft tissue (LST) and appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) when measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), represents a commonly used surrogate for strength. Research has investigated alternative measures of body composition, such as the assessment of ALST through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the determination of whole-body muscle mass from creatine pool size using the deuterated creatine (D 3 Cr) dilution method, for their associations to strength. While the relationship between body composition measures and strength has been studied in older adults, this relationship remains unexplored in athletic populations. This study examined muscle body composition measures using DXA, D 3 Cr, and BIA and their association with strength in a sample of collegiate athletes. The study enrolled 80 collegiate athletes (40 females) of differing sports disciplines who consumed a 60 mg dose of D 3 Cr and completed DXA and BIA measures in addition to trunk and leg strength tests. Analysis was sex-stratified using Pearson’s correlations, linear regression, and quartile p trend significance. With an average participant age of 21.8 years, whole-body DXA correlations to muscle strength surpassed height- or mass-normalized values. This trend was especially pronounced in trunk strength’s relationship with body composition over leg strength, across measurement methods. While DXA LST values were higher than BIA and D 3 Cr in predicting strength, the values did not differ significantly. Adjustments for age, BMI, and BIA variables didn’t enhance this association. A significant trend between DXA LST and all strength measures underscored the equal relevance of DXA and D 3 Cr muscle mass to strength, favoring whole-body over regional assessments. This calls for future research on muscle mass’s effects on LST and functional outcomes in broader groups, highlighting the importance of comprehensive body composition analysis in athletic performance studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".