Survival and toxin accumulation in Crassostrea virginica larvae following exposure to various Dinophysis species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of Dinophysis cells and their toxins on the viability of oyster larvae , a critical stage for the aquaculture industry. Specifically, the effects of toxigenic Dinophysis species ( D. acuminata , D. caudata , D. fortii , and D. ovum ) on 7-day-old Crassostrea virginica larvae were investigated through exposures to living cells, cell lysates (dead cells), dialysates (living cells separated by a membrane), and purified toxins in concentrations equivalent to 10 cells mL −1 . After 48 h, mortality and toxin uptake were assessed. Larvae experienced the highest mortality rates when exposed to living D. caudata (28 ± 4 %) and D. fortii (25 ± 6 %) cells, coinciding with elevated intra- and extracellular levels of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and hydroxyPTX2. In contrast, no significant mortality was observed with lysates or dialysates from these species . In addition, D. acuminata (a low PTX2 producer) and D. ovum (producing only okadaic acid ; OA) did not cause mortality under any condition. Exposure to purified OA had no detectable effect on mortality, however, exposure to pure PTX2 at 1.5 nM significantly increased larval mortality (17 ± 2 %), albeit to a lesser extent than exposure to living cells of D. caudata and D. fortii . Furthermore, dissolved PTX2 was adsorbed onto Pavlova pinguis cells, the larval food, potentially increasing toxin bioavailability for larvae. These results indicate that living Dinophysis cells producing high concentrations of PTXs (but not OA), along with other bioactive compounds , are responsible for the higher mortality in oyster larvae. Such exposure, along with other multi-stressor environmental factors such as ocean acidification , temperature and salinity fluctuations, hypoxia , poses risks to oyster recruitment, with potential socio-economic and ecological consequences for aquaculture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".