Comparing diploid and triploid apples from a diverse collection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apples (<i>Malus</i> X. <i>domestica</i> Borkh.) are an economically important fruit species and are primarily diploid, although other ploidy levels exist. The impact of ploidy on agricultural traits in apple is not well understood but is an important factor to consider for breeding and production of apples. We used heterozygosity to infer ploidy for 970 apple accessions from a diverse collection. Next, we contrasted inferred diploid and inferred triploid apples across 10 agriculturally important traits. After correction for multiple testing, we determined that triploids have significantly higher phenolic content, but do not significantly differ from diploids for any other trait. We also determined that triploid varieties have significantly earlier release dates than diploids, suggesting that contemporary breeding programs primarily release diploid varieties. Ultimately, our results provide evidence that phenotypic differences between trees of differing ploidy are subtle and often insignificant and that there are limited measurable benefits to the use of triploids for apple production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".