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Measurement of the inelasticity distribution of neutrino-nucleon interactions for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>80</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>560</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with IceCube DeepCore
M. Ackermann, J. Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, S. Blot, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Livia Brusa, R. T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, Ioana Caracas, K. Carloni, J. Graciá‐Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, A. Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, S. Deng, Aman Mukeshbhai Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, Alejandro Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, P. Dierichs, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, Lincoln Draper, H. Dujmovic, D. Durnford, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, Dominik Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, J. C. Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, K. Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Fürst, J. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, A. Garcia, M. García, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Girard-Carillo, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, Alejandra Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, Sean Griffin, S. Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, David Joseph Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, H. Hamdaoui, M. Ha Minh, Michael Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, J. Hermannsgabner, L. Heuermann, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, Ramy Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, Sam Hori, K. Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hünnefeld, R. Hussain, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Oliver Janik, M. Jansson, M. Jeong, M. Jin, B. J. P. Jones, N. Kamp, D. Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, Yukiho Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, Gerhard Krieger, J. Krishnamoorthi, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, J. Y. Liao, M. Lincetto, Yantao Liu, M. Liubarska, Christy Love, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, Else Magnus, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, Elena Manao, S. Mancina, Alicia Mand, W. Marie Sainte, Ioana Codrina Mariş, S. Márka, Z. Márka, M. Marsee, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, F. McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, Andrés Medina, M. Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, J. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tista Mukherjee, R. Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, Akshima Negi, Ludwig Neste, M. Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, Alexander Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, Veronika Palušová, H. Pandya, N. Park, G. K. Parker, V. A. Parrish, Ek Narayan Paudel, L. Paul, Teresa Pernice, J. Peterson, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Y. Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, C. Raab, John Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, Martin Langgård Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, Abdul Rehman, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, B. Riedel, Adam Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, M. Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, Patrick Schaile, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, J. Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Leo Seen, M. Seikh, Minhye Seo, S. Seunarine, P. Sevle Myhr, Reena Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, Manuel Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, D. Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, Matthias Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, S. Tilav, K. Tollefson, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, Doğa Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, Ch. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, Alex Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, Lucas Witthaus, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, F. Yu, S. Yu, T. Yuan, A. Zegarelli, S. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman, Melany Zimmerman, V. Aushev
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2025
Typepreprint
Languagelv
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsSimon Fraser UniversityInstitute of Particle PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaQueen's University
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsHelmholtz AssociationAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterAustralian Research CouncilWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of MarylandWisconsin Alumni Research FoundationCanada Foundation for InnovationMarquette UniversityVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonNvidiaCarlsbergfondetOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean CommissionNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
KeywordsPhysicsNeutrinoNuclear physicsNucleonParticle physicsDistribution (mathematics)
Abstract
We report a study of the inelasticity distribution in the scattering of neutrinos of energy 80–560 GeV off nucleons. Using atmospheric muon neutrinos detected in IceCube’s sub-array DeepCore during 2012–2021, we fit the observed inelasticity in the data to a parameterized expectation and extract the values that describe it best. Finally, we compare the results to predictions from various combinations of perturbative QCD calculations and atmospheric neutrino flux models.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.021
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.285
Teacher spread0.267 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes