Conformational Stability at Low Temperatures Using Single Protein Nanoaperture Optical Tweezers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanoaperture optical tweezers allow for trapping single proteins and detecting their conformational changes without modifying the protein, i.e., being free from labels or tethers. While past works have used laser heating as a way to vary the local temperature, this does not allow for probing of lower temperature values. Here we investigate the lower temperature dynamics of individual Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) proteins with the help of a custom Peltier cooling stage. The BSA transitions between the normal (N) and fast (F) states. The normal form of BSA has a maximum occupancy at 21 ± 1 °C, which is interpreted as its maximum stability point for the compact N form with respect to the F form. In this way, it is possible to find the relative thermodynamic parameters of single proteins without requiring any modifications to the intrinsic structure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".