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Record W4407810332 · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2025.101117

Deterministic and stochastic plankton dynamics: Effects of contamination, refuge, and additional food sources

2025· article· en· W4407810332 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueEcological Complexity · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicEcosystem dynamics and resilience
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsPlanktonEnvironmental scienceContaminationEcologyEconometricsBiologyMathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Studying plankton systems encompasses different interests, including understanding ecological cycles and developing sustainable strategies in aquaculture research regarding food security. Zooplankton farming is economically valuable, and its production may depend primarily on the availability of phytoplankton and other external food sources. However, diverse factors may affect overall phytoplankton–zooplankton interactions. For example, phytoplankton’s defense mechanisms, such as finding refuge and releasing toxins or low phytoplankton’s sustainable environments, can decrease zooplankton populations. Another critical factor is the adverse effects of pollution on plankton systems, which are more frequently present in water bodies. Still, zooplankton may survive harsh conditions if present pollutants are in low concentrations and external sources, including animal waste, are available. The partial understanding of these trophic interactions depends on initial assumptions, and using stochastic approaches may reduce the gap between deterministic mathematical outcomes and reality. In this work, we have mathematically described a planktonic system under the above assumptions using a deterministic model as well as its stochastic version. Our findings suggest that zooplankton growth is possible under polluted environments by providing them with external food sources, complementing phytoplankton availability. However, in these circumstances, random external environmental factors may cause the phytoplankton population to collapse. Through stochastic numerical experiments, we estimate which possible scenarios are more likely to induce phytoplankton extinction in these plankton systems.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.582
Threshold uncertainty score0.550

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.217
Teacher spread0.210 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it