Effects of dietary α-ketoglutarate supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune gene expression, and intestinal morphology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed high soybean diet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune gene expression in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). Largemouth bass with an initial weight of 25.5 ± 0.5 g was fed for 8 weeks with three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, each with three replicates, and 20 fish per replicate. The control diet contained 41.30 % soybean meal (SM) group, while the experimental diets were supplemented with 1.00 % (AKG1) and 2.00 % (AKG2) AKG. The results showed that AKG had no significant effects on growth performance, body composition, or the gene expression of AMPK-α, 4E-BP, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 ( P > 0.05). However, compared to the SM group, the AKG1 group significantly increased the α-amylase and trypsin activities in the foregut ( P < 0.05). Additionally, lipase and trypsin activities in the midgut and hindgut were increased in the AKG2 group, while α-amylase activity in these regions was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). Both AKG groups significantly increased intestinal mucosal thickness and villus height, and significantly decreased crypt depth ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the AKG groups reduced the gene expression of intestinal ACC, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and IL-1β, whereas TOR expression was significantly increased and TNF-α expression decreased in the AKG2 group ( P < 0.05). Therefore, supplementation with 1–2 % AKG can alleviate the negative effects of soybean meal on intestinal apoptosis and inflammation, thereby enhancing intestinal health. • Supplementation of AKG in high soybean meal diets can improve intestinal health in largemouth bass and repair intestinal damage. • AKG can enhance intestinal digestive enzyme activity and promote digestion and absorption. • AKG can mitigate the effects of soybean meal on intestinal cell apoptosis and inflammation in largemouth bass, upregulate TOR expression, and downregulate apoptosis-related gene expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".