Eco-friendly nanostructured bio-polybenzoxazine films/coatings: One-pot green synthesis using Cardanol and Furfurylamine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work highlights the in-situ green synthesis of thermally viable (250–300 °C) and antibacterial hydrophobic metal coordinated Cardanol formaldehyde aromatic polybenzoxazine [M(II)-CF-ArBz, whereas M(II)=Mn +2 , Zn +2 , Co +2 , and Ni +2 ] films using Cardanol (Col) and Furfurylamine (FAM). The effect of different transition metal ions and FAM on the overall performance of the developed films and coatings was investigated. The structure was elucidated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR ( 1 H and 13 C), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed semi-crystalline behavior, nanostructures , and variation in morphology w.r.t. the metallic ions used. The different metal influences the nucleation and growth rate leading to different composite morphologies like ribbon (diameter 59 nm) in Co(II)-CF-ArBz, ultrafine spherical nanoparticles clusters of nano-dots (size 3 ± 1 nm) in Mn(II)-CF-ArBz, nanodisc (79 nm - 84 nm) in Zn(II)-CF-ArBz, and hollow tubular structure in case of Ni(II)-CF-ArBz. The improved antibacterial activity of developed M(II)-CF-ArBz films against various bacteria { Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) gram-negative, and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 902) and Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 736) gram-positive bacteria} were established via., growth inhibition and cell viability test. The physico-mechanical and surface wettability performance of M(II)-CF-ArBz coatings reveal mechanically more stable and hydrophobic than the respective virgin polybenzoxazine (CF-ArBz) coating. The relevance of the work is in the aspect of augmentation usage of renewable waste materials viz. Col and FAM, implementation of simple and in-situ route avoiding toxic residues, adoption of “Green Chemistry” principles, and highlighting the potential use of these sustainable films and coatings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".