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Record W4407841057 · doi:10.59720/23-298

Correlation between concentration of particulate matter 2.5 and solar energy production in Brooklyn, NY

2025· article· en· W4407841057 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Avigail Kundin, Warren Staver

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Emerging Investigators · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicEnergy and Environment Impacts
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsParticulatesEnvironmental scienceEnvironmental chemistryChemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Many people have started using solar panels in recent years. Switching to renewable energy sources can greatly decrease the amount of carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. One effect of climate change is a rise in wildfires. Smoke from wildfires can be detrimental to human health by increasing the air quality index (AQI). In June 2023, the AQI drastically increased in Brooklyn, New York due to fires in British Columbia from the west to Quebec and Nova Scotia in the east. We hypothesized that particulate matter (PM) 2.5 would negatively affect solar energy production because when the sun’s rays are blocked by clouds or smoke, there is usually less solar energy production. Our hypothesis was supported given that during the month of the fires across British Columbia, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, the PM 2.5 concentration had a strong negative correlation to solar energy production (p = 0.05). Throughout the rest of the year, the PM 2.5 concentration generally did not have an effect on solar energy production. PM 2.5’s positive correlation with solar production was measured against cloud cover and wind speed as benchmarks for a strong and weak negative correlation. Our findings can help determine what factors should be considered when deciding where to install solar panels or to place solar fields. By making renewable energy more effective we hope that more individuals will choose to switch away from carbon fuel sources.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.110
Threshold uncertainty score0.278

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.219
Teacher spread0.211 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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