Bioaccessibility and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in indoor dust of an industrial city in Eastern India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study investigated the seasonal variability, bioaccessibility, and human exposure risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in indoor dust of Durgapur, one of the largest industrial cities in West Bengal State of India. Indoor dust samples from over 80 households in 15 residential areas were collected over three seasons of the year and the samples were analyzed for the PTEs by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The annual average concertation was found to be high for Fe (50331 ± 9017 mg kg -1 ) followed by Mn (1571 ± 895 mg kg -1 ), Zn (303 ± 214 mg kg -1 ), Cu (139 ± 67 mg kg -1 ), Cr (111 ± 65 mg kg -1 ), Pb (70.4 ± 55 mg kg -1 ), Ni (40.0 ± 23 mg kg -1 ), Cd (2.66 ± 2.3 mg kg -1 ). The total PTEs content in the dust was found to be higher in the winter. The bioaccessibility of PTEs was found to vary from 6.5% to 62.1%, in the order of Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr > Mn > Fe. The bioaccessibilities of Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn were higher during the monsoon, while Cu and Mn exhibited high bioaccessibilities in the summer, and Cd and Pb were most bioaccessible during the winter. Geo-accumulation Index (I geo ) was higher for Cd, followed by Pb and Zn. Principal component analysis coupled with XRD results revealed two potential sources for PTEs viz iron and steel industries (Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni) and vehicular emission (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). Both empirical and probabilistic approaches to assessing human health risk showed that there is no potential exposure risk from these elements. The probabilistic approach is more conservative than the empirical method. Among the different PTEs, Fe had a higher hazard quotient but was within the limit. The use of bioaccessible fractions for risk assessment had marginally decreased the hazard quotient. Therefore, it is recommended to use a conservative risk assessment, employing total PTEs with a probabilistic model. • Dust composition (mg/kg): Fe, Mn > 1000; Zn, Cu, Cr > 100; Pb, Ni > 10; Cd > 1.0. • Order of bioaccessibility (6.5-62.1 %): Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr > Mn > Fe. • Content of all elements was more in winter followed by summer and monsoon. • Sources are steel industry (Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) and traffic emission (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). • No exposure risk from bioaccessible and total elemental content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".