The Allies in the North: Delivery of Lend-Lease Cargo to the Northern Ports of the Soviet Union (1941–1945)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The most important area of cooperation between the Big Three countries in 1941–1945 is considered: military and economic aid to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program. The northern route for cargo delivery was the most difficult to implement, was an area of intense military action, and cost the Allies the greatest losses. The leaders of the Allied countries, W. Churchill and F. Roosevelt, organized the deliveries; Canada provided significant assistance. The special role of Churchill is shown in organizing deliveries during the period of the First Lend-Lease Protocol and in ensuring transportation along the northern route as a whole in 1941–1945. The significant contribution of the Soviet side to ensuring the delivery and acceptance of cargo is noted. Documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics on the activities of the USSR People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade in the Soviet northern ports on the acceptance and distribution of Lend-Lease cargo are analyzed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".