Flowers of Black-Seeded and Yellow-Seeded Oilseed Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Abundance, Timing, and Potential Insect Visitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pennycress is being developed in the Midwestern USA as a new oilseed crop that provides numerous ecosystem services. These services include being an early spring source of pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects. Most past research on pennycress flower visitors used wild genotypes of pennycress. All wild genotypes have seed coats that are black, which occurs because of high levels of proanthocyanadins (PACs). Concentrations of PACs are minimal in newly developed genotypes with yellow-colored seed coats. However, little is known regarding flower abundance and timing nor insect visitation preferences for black-seeded genotypes (BSG) or yellow-seeded genotypes (YSG) of pennycress. Flower densities were recorded and pan traps were deployed weekly during pennycress flowering at nine site-years in Illinois and Minnesota to examine anthesis and insect preferences for BSG vs. YSG pennycress. BSG and YSG flowered simultaneously, responded similarly to post-sowing growing degree days (peaking at 700 GDD4°C), and produced comparable numbers of open flowers (up to 10,000 m-2) on any given day, although BSG produced significantly greater numbers of cumulative flowers over the course of anthesis in three of nine site-years. Overall, the percentages of all trapped insects comprised of differing taxonomic orders were as follows: Diptera (flies) 33-37%, Thysanoptera (thrips) 27-30%, Hymenoptera (bees and wasps) 13-20%, Hemiptera (true bugs) 7-8%, Coleoptera (beetles) 5-6%, and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) 1-3%. Generally, there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of insects found in YSG versus BSG pennycress across site-years. Occasionally, however, pan traps in BSG pennycress contained more insects, which mainly was due to high Dipteran populations. These results suggest that genetic selections for yellow seed coats (with low PACs) will have little impact on flower abundance and attractiveness to most insect visitors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".