Global, regional, and national burdens of anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (Preprint)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive and anxiety disorders pose a significant public health concern, yet data on its burden and trends among adolescents and young adults are scarce. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the trends of prevalence, incidence and disability adjusted life year (DALYs) for anxiety and depression among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2021 at the global, regional, and national levels. OBJECTIVE Our findings aim to elucidate evolving trends and disparities in the burden of these mental health conditions, thereby informing evidence-based policy-making and targeted intervention strategies. METHODS Data and methodologies publicly accessible from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study were utilized to conduct a systematic analysis aimed at assessing the worldwide burden of anxiety and depression. RESULTS In 2021, there were 57.49 million prevalent cases, 73.81 million incidence, and 10.72 million DALYs of depression among individuals aged 10-24 years. And there were 93.95 million prevalent cases, 16.67 million incidence, and 11.52 million DALYs of anxiety. Between 1990 and 2021, we observed increases in the prevalence of depression globally (AAPC, 0. 74 [95% CI, 0. 63, 0. 84]), incidence (AAPC, 0. 87 [95% CI, 0. 78, 0. 97]), the DALY rate (AAPC, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.72, 0.92]), and the prevalence of anxiety (AAPC, 0. 69 [95% CI, 0. 52, 0. 86]), incidence (AAPC, 0. 81 [95% CI, 0. 69, 0. 92]) and the DALY rate (AAPC, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.52, 0.86]). Notably, females had higher prevalence, incidence and DALYs rate than males. Globally, the age-standardized DALY rate for mental disorders was 1426·5 (95% UI 1056·4-1869·5) per 100000 population among males and 1703·3 (1261·5-2237·8) per 100 000 population among females. Age-standardized DALY rates of depression were highest in high-income North America, Western Europe, and Australasia, that of anxiety were Western Europe, Tropical Latin America and Andean Latin America. At the national revel, for depression, Greenland, the United States of America, and Palestine had the highest levels of incidence and China, Taiwan (Province of China), Democratic People's Republic of Korea the lowest, while Zambia, Zimbabwe and Canada showed the highest increase in the age-standardized prevalence during 1990-2021.for anxiety, Portugal, Lebanon and Iran had the highest levels of incidence and Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan the lowest. Overall, a negative association between the DALY rate and SDI was observed over the past thirty-two years. CONCLUSIONS On a global scale, the burden of anxiety and depression among adolescents did not change significantly from 1990 to 2019, but it significantly increased from 2020 to 2021 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness of the risk factors, consequences, and evidence-based treatment strategies for anxiety and depression among the population, strengthen effective intervention measures and cooperation among countries to improve adolescents' mental health care, and should focus on the adolescent population in high and low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".