ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MIGRAINE AND CHRONIC TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic migraine and chronic tension headache are among the most common types of primary headache that have a negative impact on daily activities and quality of life. In addition to headache symptoms, chronic types of headache are usually associated with the presence of psychopathological disorders, usually depression and anxiety. Anxiety and depression act as prognostic factors that worsen the course of chronic headache and predict a more pronounced impact of headache on daily life and functioning. Aim: to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic migraine and chronic tension headache. Methods: clinical, neurological and neuropsychological examination of 79 people was conducted, including: 31 patients with chronic tension headache, 30 patients with chronic migraine (16 patients had migraine without aura, 14 with aura), as well as 18 patients from the control group who had no more than two episodes of headache in the last year. To determine anxiety and depression, the hospital anxiety and depression scale was used. To determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pain, the visual analog pain scale and the McGill pain questionnaire were used. Results: the structure of the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with chronic migraine differed statistically significantly (p<0.05) from that in patients with chronic tension headache and the control group. The vast majority of patients in the control group and the group with chronic tension headache demonstrated a minimal degree of severity of anxiety symptoms. In contrast, the majority of patients with chronic migraine had a clinical degree of anxiety. Half of the patients with chronic migraine had subclinical or clinical depression, which distinguished them from other groups. A strong correlation between the hospital anxiety and depression scale and the visual analog pain scale was determined among all patients in the study. The severity of anxiety and depression was positively correlated with the subscales of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, in particular the sensorydiscriminative and motivational-affective components. Conclusions: anxiety and depression are more common in individuals with primary headache compared to those without headache. The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders in chronic migraine is higher than in chronic tension headache. The presence of symptoms of anxiety and depression affects the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pain. The presence of clinically pronounced anxiety and depression increases the intensity of headache. The presence of aura in chronic migraine does not affect the level of anxiety and depression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".