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Record W4407876186 · doi:10.1186/s12938-025-01352-1

Feasibility and reliability of an online version of the beat alignment test in neurotypical adults and people with stroke

2025· article· en· W4407876186 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueBioMedical Engineering OnLine · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicStroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
Canadian institutionsYork UniversityUniversity of TorontoUniversity Health NetworkToronto Rehabilitation InstituteSunnybrook Health Science CentreMcMaster University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsNeurotypicalAudiologyStroke (engine)Physical medicine and rehabilitationPsychologyPerceptionRhythmMedicineRepeated measures designDevelopmental psychologyStatistics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

BACKGROUND: Rhythm-based rehabilitation interventions are gaining attention and measuring their effects is critical. With more clinical care and research being conducted online, it is important to determine the feasibility of measuring rhythm abilities online. However, some tools used to measure rhythm abilities, in particular the beat alignment test (BAT), have not been validated for online delivery. This study aims to determine the feasibility, reliability, and learning effects for online delivery of the BAT in adults with and without stroke. METHODS: Neurotypical adults and adults with chronic stroke completed the BAT online three times, with testing sessions separated by 2 to 4 days. The BAT includes a perception task (identifying whether tones overlayed on music matched the beat of the music) and a production task (tapping to the beat of music). Feasibility was evaluated with completion rates, technical challenges and resolutions, participant experience via exit questionnaire, and test duration. Reliability was measured using inter-class correlations and standard error of measurement, and learning effects were determined using a repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Thirty-nine neurotypical adults and 23 adults with stroke participated in this study. More a priori feasibility criteria for the online BAT were met with neurotypical adults than people with stroke. Most components of the online BAT were considered reliable based on an ICC = 0.60 cut-off, except for perception in the neurotypical group, and production asynchrony in the stroke group. There was notable variability in performance, but no learning effects in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Online administration of the BAT is more feasible for neurotypical adults than people with stroke. Challenges with online administration for people with stroke may be partly related to the delivery platform. The BAT is a reliable tool with no learning effects and therefore is a promising way to assess for rhythm abilities online with careful consideration of user interface for people with stroke.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.017
Threshold uncertainty score0.243

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.243
Teacher spread0.237 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it