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The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data
A. Abed Abud, B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero, M. R. Adames, G. Adamov, M. Adamowski, D. L. Adams, M. Adinolfi, C. Adriano, A. Aduszkiewicz, J. A. Aguilar, F. Akbar, Nimmy Sarah Alex, K. K. Allison, S. Alonso Monsalve, M. Alrashed, R. Alvarez, Tiago Alves, Hamza Amar, P. Amedo, John Anderson, C. Andreopoulos, M. Andreotti, M. P. Andrews, F. Andrianala, S. Andringa, Н. Анфимов, Artur M. Ankowski, Dragan Antić, M. Antoniassi, M. Antonova, A. Antoshkin, Alfredo Aranda, L. Arellano, E. Arrieta Díaz, M. A. Arroyave, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, D. Asner, L. Asquith, E. T. Atkin, D. Auguste, A. Aurisano, V. Aushev, D. Autiero, M. Azam, F. Azfar, H.O. Back, H. Back, J.J. Back, I. Bagaturia, L. Bagby, N. Balashov, S. Balasubramanian, Pierre Baldi, W. Baldini, Jacobo Baldonedo, B. Baller, B. Bambah, Rajat Banerjee, F. Barão, Daniel Barbu, Gabriela Barenboim, Pablo Barham Alzás, Gareth J. Barker, W. Barkhouse, G. Barr, J. Barranco Monarca, A. L. F. de Barros, N. Barros, D. Barrow, J. Barrow, A. Basharina-Freshville, A. Bashyal, V. Basque, C. Batchelor, L. Bathe-Peters, James Battat, Francesca De Battisti, F. Bay, M. C. Q. Bazetto, J. L. L. Bazo Alba, J. F. Beacom, E. Bechetoille, B. Behera, G. Bell, L. Bellantoni, G. Bellettini, Vincenzo Bellini, O. Beltramello, N. Benekos, C. Benitez Montiel, Doug Benjamin, F. Neves, J. Berger, S. Berkman, J. Bernal, P. Bernardini, A. Bersani, S. Bertolucci, M. Betancourt, A. Betancur Rodríguez, A. J. Bevan, Y. Bezawada, Anibal Bezerra, Thiago Bezerra, A. Bhat, V. Bhatnagar, Jayesh S. Bhatt, M. Bhattacharjee, M. Bhattacharya, S. Bhuller, B. Bhuyan, S. Biagi, J. M. Bian, K. Biery, B. Bilki, M. Bishai, A. Bitadze, A. Blake, F. d. M. Blaszczyk, G. Blazey, A. Bodek, J. Bogenschuetz, J. Boissevain, S. Bolognesi, T. Bolton, L. Bomben, M. Bonesini, C. Bonilla-Diaz, F. Bonini, Andrew Booth, F. Boran, S. Bordoni, R. Borges Merlo, A. Borkum, N. Bostan, Romain Bouet, Jacob Boza, J. Braciník, B. Brahma, D. Brailsford, F. Bramati, A. Branca, A. Brandt, J. Bremer, C. Brew, S.J. Brice, V. Brio, C. Brizzolari, C. Bromberg, J. J. Brooke, A. Bross, G. Brunetti, M. B. Brunetti, N. Buchanan, H. S. Budd, J. Buergi, Aaron Bundock, Dustin Burgardt, Stuart H. M. Butchart, V. G.Caceres, I. Cagnoli, T. Cai, R. Calabrese, J. Calcutt, L. Calivers, E. Calvo, A. Caminata, A. F. Camino, Wallison Campanelli, A. Campani, A. Campos Benitez, N. Canci, Jordi Capó, Ioana Caracas, D. Caratelli, D. Carber, J. M. Carceller, G. Carini, B. Carlus, M. F. Carneiro, P. Carniti, I. Caro Terrazas, H. Carranza, Nicholas Carrara, L. Carroll, Timothy J. Carroll, A. Carter, E. Casarejos, D. Casazza, J. F. Castaño Forero, Fabián Castaño, A. Castillo, C. Castromonte, E. Catano-Mur, C. Cattadori, F. Cavalier, F. Cavanna, S. Centro, G. B. Cerati, C. Cerna, A. Cervelli, A. Cervera Villanueva, Kaustav Chakraborty, M. Chalifour, A. Chappell, N. Charitonidis, A. Chatterjee, H. Chen, M. Chen, Wen‐Cheng Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen-Wishart, D. Cherdack, C. Chi, F. Chiapponi, R. Chirco, N. Chitirasreemadam, K. Cho, S. Choate, Gary P. T. Choi, D. Chokheli, Penny Chong, Badrul A. Chowdhury, D. Christian, A. Chukanov, М. Chung, E. Church, M. F. Cicala, M. Cicerchia, V. Cicero, Riccardo Ciolini, Peter Clarke, G. Cline, T. E. Coan, A.G. Cocco, J. A. B. Coelho, Ariel Cohen, J. Collazo, J. Collot, E. Conley, J. M. Conrad, M. R. Convery, S. Copello, P. Cova, C. Cox, L. Cremaldi, L. Cremonesi, J. I. Crespo-Anadón, M. B. Crisler, E. Cristaldo, J. Crnkovic, G. Crone, Ryan Cross, A. Cudd, C. Cuesta, Yanou Cui, F. Curciarello, D. Cussans, J. Dai, Olivia Dalager, R. Dallavalle, William Dallaway, Randy S. D’Amico, H. da Motta, Z. Ahmad Dar, Robert Darby, L. Da Silva Peres, Q. David, G. S. Davies, S. Davini, J. Dawson, R. De Aguiar, P. De Almeida, P. Debbins, I. De Bonis, M. P. Decowski, A. de Gouvêa, P. C. de Holanda, I.L. De Icaza Astiz, P. de Jong, P. Del Amo Sanchez, Adrián de la Torre, G. De Lauretis, A. Delbart, D. Delépine, M. Delgado, A. Dell’Acqua, G. Delle Monache, Nicola Delmonte, P. De Lurgio, R. Demario, Giovanni De Matteis, Christopher Densham, Peter B. Denton, G. Deptuch, A. De Roeck, V. De Romeri, Jan Detje, Joe Devine, R. Dharmapalan, M. Dias, A. Diaz, J.S. Díaz, F. Díaz, F. Di Capua, A. Di Domenico, S. Di Domizio, S. Di Falco, L. Di Giulio, P. F. Ding, L. Di Noto, E. Diociaiuti, C. Distefano, Z. Djurcic, M. Diwan, Z. Djurčić, D. Doering, S. Dolan, F. Dolek, M. J. Dolinski, Danilo Domenici, L. Domine, S. Donati, Y. Donon, Simon Doran, D. Douglas, T. A. Doyle, A. Dragone, F. Drielsma, L. Duarte, D. Duchesneau, K. Duffy, K. Dugas, P. Dunne, Bhaskar Dutta, Hongyue Duyang, D. A. Dwyer, A. Dyshkant, S. Dytman, M. Eads, A. Earle, S. Edayath, D. Edmunds, J. Eisch, P. Englezos, A. Ereditato, T. Erjavec, C.O. Escobar, J. J. Evans, Erin Ewart, A. C. Ezeribe, Kevin Fahey, L. Fajt, A. Falcone, C. Farnese, S. Farrell, Y. Farzan, Dmitry Fedoseev, J. Félix, Y. Feng, E. Fernández-Martínez, Gilles Ferry, Eva Fialova, L. Fields, P. Filip, A. Filkins, F. Filthaut, R. Fine, G. Fiorillo, M. Fiorini, S. Fogarty, W. Foreman, J. Fowler, J. Franc, K. Francis, D. Franco, J. Franklin, John Freeman, J. Fried, A. Friedland, S. Fuess, I.K. Furic, K. Furman, A. P. Furmanski, Riya Gaba, A. Gabrielli, A.M. Gago, F. Galizzi, H. Gallagher, N. Gallice, V. Galymov, Enrico Gamberini, T. Gamble, F. Ganacim, R. Gandhi, S. Ganguly, Fan Gao, S. Gao, D. García-Gámez, M.Á. García-Peris, Fernando G. Gardim, S. Gardiner, D. Gastler, A. Gauch, J. Gauvreau, P. Gauzzi, S. Gazzana, G. Ge, N. Geffroy, B. Gelli, S. Gent, L. O. Gerlach, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, T. Giammaria, D. Gibin, I. Gil‐Botella, S. Gilligan, A. Gioiosa, S. Giovannella, C. Girerd, A. Giri, C. Giugliano, Valerio Giusti, D. Gnani, O. Gogota, S. Gollapinni, K. Gollwitzer, R. A. Gomes, L. V. Gomez Bermeo, L. S. Gomez Fajardo, F. Gonnella, D. González-Díaz, M. Gonzalez-Lopez, Sreetama Goswami, C. Gotti, J. Goudeau, E. Goudzovski, Carl Grace, E. Gramellini, R. Gran, E. Granados, Pierre Granger, C. Grant, D. Gratieri, G. Grauso, P. Green, Stephen B. Greenberg, Joel Greer, W. C. Griffith, F.T. Groetschla, K. Grzelak, L. M. Gu, Wei Gu, V. Guarino, M. Guarise, R. Guenette, M. Guerzoni, D. Güffanti, A. Guglielmi, B. Guo, Fangyu Guo, Aseem Gupta, Vikas Gupta, G. Gurung, Diego Gutiérrez, P. Guzowski, M. M. Guzzo, Sunwoo Gwon, A. Habig, H. K. Hadavand, L. Haegel, Rolf Haenni, L. Hagaman, A. Hahn, J. Haiston, J. Hakenmüller, T. Hamernik, P. Hamilton, F. Happacher, D.A. Harris, Ailsa Hart, J. Hartnell, T. Hartnett, J. L. Harton, T. Hasegawa, C.M. Hasnip, Robert Hatcher, K. Hayrapetyan, E. Hazen, M. He, A. Heavey, K.M. Heeger, J. Heise, Patrick Hellmuth, S. Henry, K. Herner, V. Hewes, A. Higuera, C. Hilgenberg, S. J. Hillier, A. Himmel, E. Hinkle, L. R. Hirsch, J. Ho, J. Hoff, A. Holin, T. Holvey, E. W. Hoppe, Shunsaku Horiuchi, G. A. Horton-Smith, T. Houdy, B. Howard, R. Howell, I. Hristova, M.S. Hronek, J. Huang, R.G. Huang, Zachary Hulcher, Muhammad Ibrahim, G. Iles, N. Ilic, M. Iliescu, R. Illingworth, G. Ingratta, A. Ioannisian, B. Irwin, L. Isenhower, M. Ismerio Oliveira, R. Itay, C. M. Jackson, V. Jain, E. James, W. Jang, B. Jargowsky, C. Jena, Ian Jentz, Xihan Ji, Changyun Jiang, Jun Jiang, Libo Jiang, A. Jipa, J. H. Jo, F. R. Joaquim, W. Johnson, C. Jollet, B. J. P. Jones, R. W. L. Jones, N. Jovančević, M. Judah, C. K. Jung, Klaus Jung, T. Junk, Y. Jwa, M. Kabirnezhad, A. C. Kaboth, І. Каденко, I. Kakorin, A. Kalitkina, D. Kalra, Mahmut Kandemir, Daniel M. Kaplan, G. Karagiorgi, G. Karaman, Armin Karcher, Y. Karyotakis, S. Kasai, S.P. Kasetti, L. Kashur, I. Katsioulas, Abdulrahman Kauther, N. Kazaryan, Linghong Ke, E. Kearns, P. Keener, K.J. Kelly, E. Kemp, O. Kemularia, Y. Kermaïdic, W. Ketchum, S. H. Kettell, M. Khabibullin, N. Khan, A. Khvedelidze, D. Kim, J. Kim, M. J. Kim, B. King, Brian Kirby, M. Kirby, Joshua P. Klein, J. Kleykamp, A. Klustová, L. Koch, K. Koehler, L.W. Koerner, Donghyi Koh, L. Kolupaeva, D. Korablev, M. Kordosky, T. Kosc, U. Köse, V. Alan Kostelecký, K. Kothekar, I. Kotler, M. Kovalcuk, V. Kozhukalov, Wessel Krah, R. Kralik, Murray Kramer, L. Kreczko, F. Krennrich, I. Kreslo, Tereza Kroupova, S. Kubota, M. Kubu, Y. Kudenko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Georgette Kufatty, S. Kuhlmann, S. Kulagin, Jason Kumar, Praveen Kumar, S. Kumaran, J. Kunzmann, R. Kuravi, N. Kurita, C. Kuruppu, V. Kůs, T. Kutter, J. Kvasnička, Tyler Labree, T. Lackey, Ioana Lalău, Andrew Lambert, B.J. Land, C.E. Lane, Nicholas D. Lane, K. Lang, T. J. Langford, M. Langstaff, F. Lanni, O. Lantwin, J. Larkin, P. Lasorak, D. Last, A. Laudrain, A. Laundrie, G. Laurenti, Emile Lavaut, P. Laycock, I. Lazanu, Ryan LaZur, M. Lazzaroni, Thien Doanh Le, S. Leardini, J. Learned, T. LeCompte, V. Legin, Ralf Lehnert, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, M. Leitner, D. Leon Silverio, L. Mora Lepin, J.-Y. Li, Shirley Weishi Li, Yichen Li, H. Liao, C. Lin, D. Lindebaum, S. Linden, R. A. Lineros, A. Lister, B.R. Littlejohn, H. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Liu, S. Lockwitz, M. Lokajı́ček, I. Lomidze, K. Long, T.V. Lopes, Jesús A. López‐Fernández, I. López de Rego, N. López-March, Tom C. Lord, J. M. LoSecco, W. C. Louis, A. Sanchez, X.-G. Lu, X.-G. Lu, B. Lunday, X. Luo, E. Luppi, D. B. MacFarlane, A.A. Machado, P. Machado, C. T. Macias, J.R. Macier, Michael K. C. MacMahon, Antonello Maddalena, A. Madera, P. Madigan, S. Magill, Christopher Magueur, K. B. M. Mahn, Arkady Major, K. Majumdar, Sergio Mameli, Matthew Man, R. C. Mandujano, J. Maneira, S. Manly, W. A. Mann, M. Manrique Plata, S. Manthey Corchado, Venkata Narasimha Manyam, M. Marchan, A. Marchionni, William J. Marciano, D. Marfatia, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, F. Marinho, A. D. Marino, T. Markiewicz, F. Das Chagas Marques, C. Marquet, Marvin L. Marshak, C. Marshall, J. Marshall, L. Martina, J. Martín-Albo, N. Lorenzo Martinez, D.A. Martinez Caicedo, Francisco Martínez López, P. Martínez Miravé, S. Martynenko, V. 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Morescalchi, D. Moretti, Roberto Moretti, C. Morris, Chris Mossey, C. A. Moura, Gwenn Mouster, W. Mu, L. Mualem, J. Mueller, M. Muether, F. Muheim, Alan Muir, Y. Mukhamejanov, Michael Mulhearn, D. Munford, L.J. Munteanu, H. Muramatsu, J.-F. Muraz, M. Murphy, Tara Murphy, J. M. Muse, Angeliki Mytilinaki, J. Nachtman, Y. Nagai, Srishti Nagu, D. Naples, S. Narita, A. Navrer-Agasson, N. Nayak, M. Nebot-Guinot, Asa Nehm, J. K. Nelson, O. Neogi, J. Nesbit, M. Nessi, D. M. Newbold, M. Newcomer, R. Nichol, F. Nicolas-Arnaldos, A. Nikolica, Jovana Nikolov, E. Niner, K. Nishimura, A. Norman, A. Norrick, P. Novella, Agnieszka Nowak, J.A. Nowak, M. Oberling, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, S. B. Oh, A. Olivier, A. Olshevskiy, Travis Olson, Y. Onel, Y. Onishchuk, A. Oranday, Matthew Osbiston, Jaime Alberto Osorio Vélez, L. O'Sullivan, Luis Otiniano, J. Ott, L. Pagani, Guillermo Palacio, O. Palamara, S. Palestini, J. Paley, M. Pallavicini, C. Palomares, S Pan, P. Panda, W. Panduro Vazquez, V. Paolone, R. 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Bibliographic record
VenueJournal of Instrumentation · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAtomic and Subatomic Physics Research
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryLos Alamos National LaboratoryBrookhaven National LaboratoryFermilabCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalInstituto Superior TécnicoScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Los AngelesCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityStony Brook UniversityPunjab Agricultural UniversityUniversidad del MagdalenaJeonbuk National UniversityGran Sasso Science InstituteNuclear PhysicsNational Institute of Science Education and ResearchEötvös Loránd TudományegyetemUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosUniversity of HyderabadUniversitatea din BucureștiUniversitat de ValènciaUniversità degli Studi di FerraraHigh Energy Accelerator Research OrganizationUniwersytet WarszawskiFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de GoiásUniverzita Karlova v PrazeMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáUniversità degli Studi di ParmaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasUniversità degli Studi di GenovaChina Scholarship CouncilSyracuse UniversityUniversità di CataniaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEuropean Regional Development FundTaras Shevchenko National University of KyivUniversity of South CarolinaAkademie Věd České RepublikyKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationRice UniversityUK Research and InnovationKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyErciyes ÜniversitesiKorea UniversityIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiChung-Ang UniversityLaboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoInstituto Politécnico NacionalFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaRadboud UniversiteitUniversità di PisaMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyDurham UniversityConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoUniversity of CincinnatiSouthern Methodist UniversityUniversité Paris-SaclayOffice of ScienceNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of BristolUniversity of OxfordUniversity of Colorado BoulderUniversity College LondonUniversity of TorontoGeneralitat ValencianaImperial College LondonUniversity of WarwickSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungYork UniversityIndian Institute of Technology KanpurOhio State UniversityInstituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaUniversidade de VigoUniversity of SussexUniversité Savoie Mont BlancSouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyCERNUniversità degli Studi di MilanoState University of New YorkIdaho State UniversityTürkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma KurumuMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversidad Católica del NorteUniversidad de GranadaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúUniversity of PittsburghIowa State UniversityQueen Mary University of LondonUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonOregon State UniversityLouisiana State UniversityUniversity of Minnesota DuluthMichigan State UniversityUniversidad de ColimaSouth Dakota State UniversityUniversità degli Studi di PaviaDrexel UniversityUniversity of Notre DameInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzUniversidade de LisboaNorthern Illinois UniversityUniversity of RochesterInstitute for Research in Fundamental SciencesWellesley CollegeTel Aviv UniversityHORIZON EUROPE Framework ProgrammeJawaharlal Nehru UniversityUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaFlorida State UniversityColorado State UniversityUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di PadovaWichita State UniversityIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIUniversity of MinnesotaNational Science FoundationPacific Northwest National LaboratoryFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroXunta de GaliciaYale UniversityU.S. Department of EnergyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloEuropean CommissionJackson State UniversitySapienza Università di RomaRoyal SocietyHarish-Chandra Research Institute
KeywordsTrack (disk drive)Extension (predicate logic)ArgonEnergy (signal processing)AlgorithmComputer scienceStatistical physicsPhysicsAtomic physicsMathematicsStatistics
Abstract
Abstract This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.978
Threshold uncertainty score0.169
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.042
GPT teacher head0.321
Teacher spread0.279 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designOther design
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes