RETRACTED: Malted Barley as a Potential Feed Supplementation for the Reduction of Enteric Methane Emissions, Rumen Digestibility, and Microbiome Community Changes in Laboratory Conditions

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Three sets of in vitro rumen fermentation experiments were conducted to determine the effects of diets that included malted barley (MB) and basal diets (grain- and forage-based) on the in vitro gas production, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rumen fermentation profiles, and microbiome changes in the rumen when supplemented with feedlot or dairy rations. The first experiment (Exp. 1) was conducted to evaluate the effects of various levels of MB (0% [referred to as a control], 10%, 20%, and 30%, as-fed basis) supplemented with a grain-based diet in a feedlot ration (2.5 g/bottle) after 48 h ruminal incubation on the in vitro gas production, GHG emissions, and rumen fermentation rate. The second two sets of in vitro experiments (Exp. 2a, b) were conducted to determine (1) the effects of linear dose levels of malted barley (MB; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% as-fed) with two different basal diets (grain-based and forage-based) and (2) the effects of different sources of MB (control, Korean, Canadian, and the USA; 30% MB, as-fed) in a dairy ration after 24 h incubation on in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation profiles, GHG emissions (methane [CH4] and nitrous oxide [N2O]), in vitro dry matter disappearance rate (IVDMD), and microbiome changes. Commercially available α-amylase (0.2 g/100 mL) was used as a sub-control in Exp. 2a. Using gas chromatography, all gases were collected using an ANKOM Gas Production system and analyzed for CH4 and N2O. In Exp. 1, total gas production, cumulative gas, and GHG productions (CH4, N2O) linearly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) with increasing MB supplementation. In Exp. 2a, cumulative in vitro gas, total gas production, and rumen fermentation profiles (e.g., total VFA, acetate, butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, and iso-valerate) linearly decreased (p < 0.05–0.01) with increasing MB supplementation, with diet–treatment interactions (p < 0.001). In addition, CH4 and N2O production (mL/g DM) linearly and quadratically decreased (p < 0.01) with increasing MB supplementation across the diets. However, IVDMD linearly and/or quadratically increased (p < 0.01) with increasing MB, with diet–treatment interactions (p < 0.001). The average populations of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were significantly decreased (p < 0.01–0.001) for MB treatment groups compared to the control group. Therefore, it may be possible to suppress methane production directly and indirectly by adding MB and α-amylase by modifying ruminal fermentation profiles.

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