Dead Li Formation in Low-Pressure Anode-Free Polymer Electrolyte Battery Configuration: An Operando and Ex Situ SEM Study at High and Low Current Densities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lithium loss during cycling occurs in low-pressure anode-free Li metal-solid polymer electrolyte cells due to the irreversible formation of dead lithium. Here, operando and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe lithium plating morphology in cross sections of an anode free Li|TPV|Cu cell with a stiff thermoplastic vulcanizate electrolyte at low and high current densities. Large, dense irregular morphology was observed by ex situ methods at a low current density of 0.1 mA cm −2 without apparent failure. Post-mortem analysis of the plated lithium by 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that dead lithium formation was more prevalent than dendrite growth. The origin of this irregular plating pattern is suspected to come from the initial solid electrolyte interphase formed between the lithium and the current collector, as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Increasing current density to 0.3 mA cm −2 resulted in the morphology of the plated lithium becoming more uneven. Dead Li formation was triggered in SEM operando mode with a staircase polarization between 0.3 and 1.2 mA cm −2 until 3.7 mAh cm −2 of charge was transmitted. Irregular dead lithium is likely formed in both current regimes due to difficulties in homogeneous lithium plating in the anode-free configuration using a single polymer electrolyte.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".