Improvement of the geotechnical properties of remoulded quick clay with recycled salt mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The instability of quick clay is a contributing factor for landslides within Scandinavia, Canada, and Russia. The addition of salts into quick clay is known to improve the remoulded shear strength and liquid limit. In this study, the mixing of salts recycled from waste incineration fly ash into remoulded quick clay was studied and compared with the incorporation of pure salts for applications in salt wells and for excavation applications. The salts were added as solutions at low concentrations and as solids at high concentrations and stored for 1, 28 or 90 days before testing. Nearly all samples with added salts had a liquid limit that exceeded the water content and a remoulded shear strength, which exceeded 0.5 kPa. The pure potassium chloride had the largest effect, followed by the recycled chloride mixture with the highest concentration of K+. While a change in the geotechnical properties was immediately evident upon the mixing, the effect on the shear strength increased further with increasing storage time. The findings imply that the recycled salts may be used to improve the geotechnical properties of excavated soft clays during the handling and transport to landfills as a viable and low-emission alternative to cementitious binders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".