Shivering, but not adipose tissue thermogenesis, increases as a function of mean skin temperature in cold-exposed men and women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY Skin cooling results in the activation of heat generating mechanisms to counteract heat lost to the environment. Here, we aim to understand the extent that variations in cold-stimulated heat production may be driven by differences in the contribution of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and the interaction with biological sex. Using a novel mean skin temperature clamping technique in healthy men and women, our data shows that cold-stimulated heat production rises with increasing shivering and myocardial oxidative metabolism in a skin temperature-dependent fashion. Shivering and myocardial thermogenesis were also moderately associated. In contrast, adipose tissue NST did not increase in a linear manner to reductions in skin temperature. Men and women displayed similar thermoregulatory responses, although women presented more pronounced shivering through a greater recruitment of lower-body muscles and greater number of motor units recruited. Thus, shivering contributes proportionally to cold-induced thermogenesis whereas adipose tissue thermogenesis displays an all-or-none response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".