In memoriam: Professor Sir Roy Yorke Calne, MB, FRCS, FRS, FRCSC, Dec. 30, 1930, to Jan. 6, 2024
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary: Kidney transplantation was experimental, with success confined to procedures involving identical twins, until the introduction of the anticancer drug, azathioprine, by Roy Calne in Joseph Murray’s Boston lab in 1962. It enabled expansion of this activity from a few laboratory-based centres to clinical programs throughout the world. As professor of surgery at Cambridge University, Dr. Calne began exploring liver transplantation. His clinic and that of Tom Starzl, then in Denver, were the only ones achieving success, however limited. Between them, they perfected the operation and solved the anesthetic and pre- and intraoperative difficulties. Despite the use of azathioprine, rejection rates among kidney and liver recipients were high. In 1976, Dr. Calne’s team explored the immunosuppressive properties of a novel fungal-derived drug, cyclosporine, first in laboratory animal models and then in patients. Their results altered the transplant landscape dramatically; the field rapidly expanded to include other organs and there was a rapid proliferation of both numbers of clinics and operations. Within another decade, Dr. Calne’s team introduced 2 more exceptional drugs, tacrolimus and rapamycin, and, finally, the monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab. Acclaimed surgeons are usually noted for their technical innovations. Dr. Calne was exceptional in that he also revolutionized the pharmacology of a field. His Canadian trainees established 3 of Canada’s 6 liver transplant programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.091 | 0.068 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".