Effects of integrated ankle–knee and hip–knee exercises on gait and lower extremity function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A 6-week randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) involves complex biomechanical interactions affecting lower extremity function. Objective This study investigated the effects of integrated ankle–knee and hip–knee strengthening exercises on gait and lower extremity function in individuals with PFPS. Methods In this 6-week randomized controlled trial, 39 adults with PFPS were randomly assigned to the ankle–knee exercise group (AKG), hip–knee exercise group (HKG), or conventional knee exercise group (KG). The primary outcome was gait-related parameters, while secondary outcomes included lower extremity function parameters and the subjective measures of pain and function. Changes in these parameters were assessed and compared across three groups before and after the intervention. Results Significant time × group interaction effects on gait speed and the Korean version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (K-WOMAC) stiffness were observed in the AKG, with post-intervention improvements in gait speed (1.05 ± 0.20 to 1.21 ± 0.19, P = 0.003) and K-WOMAC stiffness (5.63 ± 1.62 to 2.81 ± 1.07, P = 0.01). The AKG showed a significant increase in cadence (103.54 ± 10.42 to 111.61 ± 5.71, P = 0.021), whereas the HKG showed a significant increase in hip flexion angle during a single-leg squat (39.67 ± 4.49 to 41.88 ± 3.17, P = 0.012). Conclusion This study supports incorporating joint strengthening exercises beyond the knee joint to address complex biomechanical factors in managing PFPS. Further studies are required to optimize exercise regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".