Characterization and Performance Evaluation of NADES-CAF in Ultrasound and Microwave Extraction of Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were applied to accelerate the extraction of Phycocyanin (P), which is considered a safe natural antioxidant, from Arthrospira platensis.The applications were combined with natural deep eutectic solvent-citric acid fructose (NADES-CAF) as a safe green solvent for the product and environment in acceleration.This study evaluates the characteristics and performance of NADES-CAF at various concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) in UAE and MAE, which were analyzed based on Peleg's model.The results showed that the increased NADES-CAF concentrations enhanced the solvent properties (density, viscosity, EC, and TDS) under ultrasonic and microwave conditions, thereby improving extraction performance.The UAE achieved a higher extraction rate value (0.0316 -0.0411 mg/mL.min)compared to MAE (0.0111-0.0193 mg/mL• min) and also a higher maximum capacity (1.4353-2.7389mg/mL) than MAE (1.5243-1.9453mg/mL).A peak maximum capacity of 2.7389 mg/mL was achieved with UAE using 3% NADES-CAF.It should be an efficient and sustainable method for extracting phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis.Peleg's model successfully described extraction performance and accurately predicted the phycocyanin content during extraction.The study demonstrated that NADES-CAF concentrations improved solvent properties and extraction performance, with UAE achieving a higher extraction rate value and maximum capacity than MAE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".