Application of the Most Favored Nation Principle as an Instrument of Financial Sanctions against Russia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper analyzes the regulatory legal acts of the USA, Great Britain, Canada and Australia, which became the basis for the abolition of the most favored nation status in relation to Russia in 2022. The hypothesis is examined that unilateral restrictive measures (financial sanctions) imposed by WTO member states to introduce additional customs tariffs in relation to other WTO members are illegal and violate the principle of non-discrimination in international trade. The paper examines the tendency to transform the goals and objectives of using the most favored nation principle and national treatment: from the original (removing barriers to world trade, opening new markets) to the current ones in the form of sanctions policy instruments. Manipulation of these principles depending on the economic interests of individual states is contrary to WTO norms. The approach of justifying financial sanctions by the aim of protecting essential national security interests through Article XXI (b) (iii) of GATT 1947 is criticized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".