Hydraulic Conductivity Testing of Geosynthetic Clay Liners without Back-Pressure Saturation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A key function of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) is to provide low hydraulic conductivity. To select GCL products for a given containment application, hydraulic conductivity testing with a real or synthetic leachate representative of field conditions is often used (termed hydraulic compatibility testing). Using back pressure during hydraulic compatibility testing is more difficult. The objectives of this study are (1) to demonstrate experimentally that bentonite in GCLs will self-saturate during hydration without application of back pressure, and (2) to provide an example of the equivalence of the Standard Method (with back pressure) and Gravity Method (without back pressure) in terms of measured hydraulic conductivity with the same GCL and permeant solution, and under similar applied hydraulic gradient and effective stress. The results of this study show that GCLs may achieve an acceptable final degree of saturation (on average >95%) without back pressure. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained without back pressure were one to two orders of magnitude higher than tests under similar conditions with back pressure. Higher hydraulic conductivity was attributed to preferential flow along needle-punched fiber bundles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".