The influence of permafrost and other environmental factors on stream thermal sensitivity across Yukon, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal sensitivity, defined as the slope of a linear regression between stream and air temperatures, is a useful indicator of the strength of coupling between meteorological forcings and stream temperature or, conversely, of the presence of non-atmospheric thermal influences such as groundwater contributions to streamflow. Furthermore, thermal sensitivity is known to be responsive to environmental change. This study expands the current state of knowledge of stream thermal sensitivity in cold northern regions across catchment scales, investigates the environmental controls of thermal sensitivity across a range of catchment dispositions, and assesses the thermal influence of environmental conditions unique to cold regions, namely permafrost. We conducted a linear regression analysis relating modelled mean daily air and stream temperatures in 57 catchments in Yukon, Canada, with catchment areas ranging from 5.4 to 86 500 km 2 and with catchment mean permafrost probabilities ranging from 0.0 to 0.99. Thermal sensitivities obtained from the linear regressions ranged from 0.14 to 0.84 °C °C −1 , with a median of 0.56 °C °C −1 , and the regression intercepts ranged from −0.07 to 7.60 °C, with the mean regression Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.81. Thermal sensitivity was positively related to catchment area, land covers representing surface water storage, and streamflow flashiness or a lack of groundwater contributions. The greatest single environmental characteristic explaining the variance in thermal sensitivity was catchment topography (9 % variance explained); however, 39 % of the variance in thermal sensitivity was jointly explained by catchment physiography, land cover, and permafrost presence indicators, suggesting thermal sensitivity is the result of multiple interacting controls. The primary influence of permafrost on thermal sensitivity appeared to be indirect; permafrost controls on catchment properties affecting stream water residence time, subsurface water storage, and subsurface runoff processes provide separate and counteracting effects that are influencing thermal sensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".