Experiences with and prevalence of conversion therapy practices and sexual orientation and gender identity or expression change efforts among 2S/LGBTQIA+ youth in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little research exists on the prevalence of conversion therapy practices (CTP) and sexual orientation and gender identity, and expression change efforts (SOGIECE) among Two-Spirit and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (trans), queer, intersex, and asexual people as well as other sexual and gender minority (2S/LGBTQIA+) youth in Canada. This study aims to quantify the prevalence of CTP and SOGIECE among 2S/LGBTQIA+ youth in Canada, including policy-relevant details regarding setting, age of initiation, and duration of CTP exposure. 2S/LGBTQIA+ youth, 15–24 years old, in Canada were recruited through social media and 2S/LGBTQIA+ organizations from November 2021 to January 2022. Respondents provided demographic data and detailed quantitative information about their experiences with CTP and SOGIECE. Of respondents ( N = 2,960), 7.7% experienced CTP, 7.4% were at risk of CTP, and 65.8% reported exposure to SOGIECE. CTP experience was highest among respondents who were men, gay/homosexual, transgender, intersex, Arab, South Asian, Southeast Asian, Pacific Islanders, and living in the province of Manitoba. Among the respondents who experienced CTP ( n = 203), most did so with a certified health professional or a religious organization. Almost half of the respondents experienced their last CTP over three years prior to participation in this study, and 37.1% experienced CTP between the ages of 15 and 19 years old. The current study provides evidence that CTP and SOGIECE remain prevalent among 2S/LGBTQIA+ youth. Education and policy efforts are needed to target school, religious, and healthcare settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".