New Women and/in Masculine Spaces: The Anti-Feminism of the Pen and Pencil Club of Montreal, 1895–1915
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using close reading of archival material, this paper uncovers the anti-feminist underpinnings of the Pen and Pencil Club of Montreal, amidst which Stephen Leacock and Andrew Macphail spent their formative years as writers. It examines four instances of the artistic and literary output of the Club’s members from 1895 to 1915: William McLennan’s unpublished poem “The New Woman,” a drawing by Edmond Dyonnet, a watercolour by Kenneth Macpherson, and a published book entitled A Semi-Detached House and Other Stories, written by J. Try-Davies and illustrated by fellow member Robert Harris. The period covering this production leads up to and culminates with the publication of “The Woman Question” by Leacock in 1915. The article argues that the Pen and Pencil Club’s obsession, first with the figure of the “New Woman” and then with the “suffragette,” precedes Leacock and Macphail’s adhesion and was sustained until 1915, thus providing a crucible in which Macphail and Leacock’s ideas on the place of women were developed and refined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".