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Record W4408037886 · doi:10.21697/2024.13.2.02

The Use of Force and Self-determination: Parsing Indeterminacy

2025· article· en· W4408037886 on OpenAlexaff
Craig Forcese

Bibliographic record

VenuePolish Review of International and European Law · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicGlobal Peace and Security Dynamics
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Ottawa
Fundersnot available
KeywordsIndeterminacy (philosophy)ParsingComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceEpistemologyPhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Hersch Lauterpacht observed in 1952 that “if international law is, in some ways, at the vanishing point of law, the law of war is, perhaps even more conspicuously, at the vanishing point of international law.”[1] More than 70 years later, Lauterpatch’s observation overstates the indefiniteness of modern international humanitarian law – the jus in bello or law of armed conflict governing the means and methods of armed conflict. However, it remains a fair critique of the jus ad bellum – the law that addresses the “rightness” of a recourse to force. Even more pointed would be a codicil, addressing the relationship between this jus ad bellum and the right of self-determination: The vanishing point at the vanishing point of international law is the relationship between the regulation of force and the right to self-determination. At this convergence point, two challenging questions of high politics intertwine to compound the indeterminacy of the law. The result is an area fertilized with opinions but hobbled with uncertainty. This fact is not accidental. States have little incentive to lay a roadmap for their lawful forcible dismemberment. Still, it may be possible to tease from the accrual of state practice answers to some questions in this area if factual scenarios are carefully parsed.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.008
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.011
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.011
Threshold uncertainty score0.069

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0080.011
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0070.006
Science and technology studies0.0030.071
Scholarly communication0.0110.023
Open science0.0020.005
Research integrity0.0040.006
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.023
GPT teacher head0.318
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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Same venuePolish Review of International and European LawSame topicGlobal Peace and Security DynamicsFrench-language works237,207