Direct neutrophil and T cell contact with macrophages induces release of phagosomally processed PAMPs via eructophagy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in clearing debris and microbes from the microenvironment via phagocytosis and orchestrating local inflammation. Although pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) are understood to mostly be released through the synthesis and secretion of soluble mediators, such as cytokines and eicosanoids, it has been recently proposed that macrophages can release previously phagocytosed and processed PAMPs and DAMPs into the local microenvironment via a process termed eructophagy, and that these, in turn, can activate recently recruited leukocytes. Additionally, it has been commonly observed that local macrophages physically interact with other leukocytes, such as neutrophils and T cells, recruited to sites of inflammation. This study demonstrates that eructophagy in macrophages is significantly induced during physical interaction with neutrophils and T cells, which is mediated by ICAM1 on macrophages and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1) on neutrophils and T cells. Notably, ICAM1 activation alone is sufficient to trigger eructophagy in macrophages and is dependent on Lyn kinase. Through this mechanism, it is proposed that neutrophils and lymphocytes can influence their own activation by interacting with local macrophages containing PAMP-containing phagolysosomes, which subsequently triggers PAMP release into the local microenvironment through eructophagy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".