Sunflower yield modeling with XAI: Historical weather impacts and forecasting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study applies explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to analyze the impact of inter-year variation in weather conditions on oilseed sunflower yields across the United States. By integrating historical yield data from 1976 to 2022 with meteorological data, we identified key weather predictors influencing sunflower yields at national and state levels along with critical yield-sensitive threshold temperature and precipitation values that predict reduced yield. Using machine learning algorithms, we developed predictive models to forecast future yields under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) from 2021 to 2080. Our findings reveal significant yield declines due to increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, but with regional variability in the magnitude of these impacts. The most critical climate variables identified include maximum temperatures and total precipitation during summer months. Our XAI approach enhances model transparency, offering valuable insights for farmers and policymakers to develop adaptive strategies for sunflower cultivation under climate change. Future research incorporating additional factors like soil characteristics and agricultural practices can further refine yield predictions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".