Bibliographic record
Abstract
Modern Spain is a good example of a pluriethnic state, where several ethnonationalist movements compete with state nationalism. Together with Canada, Belgium and the United Kingdom, it also constitutes one of the few societies of advanced capitalism where ethnoterritorial concurrence remains as one of the main factors affecting its political evolution. Spain therefore sometimes appears as an example of a nation-state that failed to become a fully homogenized political community from the ethnocultural point of view during the critical period 1880–1945. The country did not participate in either World War and instead experienced a brutal civil war (1936–39). That conflict widened the deep schism between Spanish and peripheral identities on the one hand and within different versions of the Spanish nation on the other. This divide was consolidated by the Francoist dictatorship and became a legacy for the new Spanish democracy after 1977. Nevertheless, it would be misleading to conceive Spain in terms of a multinational state similar to Eastern European examples, where different ethnic and linguistic communities coexist without sharing the social space. On the contrary, mixed marriages, linguistic assimilation, multiple identities and hybridization have been a constant feature of Spanish history, and intergroup conflict has been almost non-existent. Moreover, the electoral results of ethnonationalist parties in Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia (as well as the Canary Islands and other regions)allow them to be considered fully hegemonic now. In other words, Spain may be considered an unfulfilled nation-state, but at the same time it is also an imperfect multinational state, since the alternative national identities have not yet managed to impose their social hegemony within their territories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".