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Record W4408073140 · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100866

“I grow food, IT people do cybersecurity”: Addressing cybersecurity risks in Canada's agri-food sector

2025· article· en· W4408073140 on OpenAlex
Conor Russell, Janos Botschner, Emily Duncan, Ali Dehghantanha, Evan Fraser

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueSmart Agricultural Technology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldAgricultural and Biological Sciences
TopicFood Supply Chain Traceability
Canadian institutionsUniversity of ReginaChronic Disease Prevention Alliance of CanadaUniversity of Guelph-HumberUniversity of Guelph
FundersSocial Sciences and Humanities Research CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaCanada First Research Excellence Fund
KeywordsComputer securityBusinessFood securityFood safetyFood insecurityInternet privacyEnvironmental healthComputer scienceGeographyAgricultureFood scienceMedicineBiology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

• Farmers perceive cybersecurity as a low priority, despite growing threats. • Experts call for increased education of the farming community around cybersecurity. • Cross-sectoral collaboration can build trust in best practices around agri-food cyber hygiene. This paper presents new research on the perceptions of cybersecurity threats among Canadian producers and food system experts. The study is timely due to the increasing adoption of digital agricultural technologies, which, despite their potential benefits, also introduce risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of digital systems. Notably, there has been a rise in ransomware and other cyber threats targeting farming operations. Our research, consisting of interviews with 29 farmers and 5 food system experts, along with a national survey of 167 producers, explores these threats and the associated cybersecurity landscape. The findings reveal that farmers generally view cybersecurity as a low priority, in stark contrast to experts who perceive significant and growing vulnerabilities. This paper concludes with recommendations to enhance cybersecurity practices at both the farm and systemic levels, highlighting the need for increased awareness and proactive measures.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.460
Threshold uncertainty score0.917

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.003
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.023
GPT teacher head0.228
Teacher spread0.205 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it