Short-term economic effects of the São Francisco Inter-basin Water Transfer on the low-income population in Brazil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exploring the short-term effects of water supply promoted by the São Francisco Inter-basin Water Transfer (PISF) on economic aspects in benefited municipalities in Brazil is relevant for three main reasons. First, water is crucial for local development. Second, there was a large volume of resources employed. Finally, many people were affected by the project. To fill the gap in the literature, this research proposes to verify the impacts on the low-income population living in municipalities that received water from PISF in 2017. To reach this purpose, we applied a Differences in Differences identification method using three different control groups, considering 2016 and 2018 as the before and after treatment periods. We investigated the effects on individual and family income per capita , whether individuals had a paid work, and whether they participated in the Bolsa Familia Program , a Brazilian income transfer program. The main results imply that the project has generally played a positive role in low-income population lives in the short term. However, the observed improvement in the analyzed variables does not necessarily mean a rise in family well-being. Explorar los efectos a corto plazo del abastecimiento de agua promovido por la Transferencia de Agua Intercuencas de São Francisco (PISF) sobre los aspectos económicos en municipios beneficiados en Brasil es relevante por tres razones principales. Primero, el agua es crucial para el desarrollo local, después, se empleó un gran volumen de recursos y, finalmente, muchas personas se vieron afectadas por el proyecto. Para llenar un vacío de literatura, esta investigación propone verificar esos impactos en la población de bajos ingresos que vive en municipios que recibieron agua del PISF en 2017. Para alcanzar este propósito, se aplicó el método de identificación de Diferencias en Diferencias para tres grupos de control diferentes, considerando 2016 como año anterior al tratamiento y 2018 como año posterior al tratamiento. Investigamos los efectos sobre los ingresos individuales, sobre si la persona tenía un trabajo remunerado o no, sobre los ingresos familiares y sobre la participación en el Programa Bolsa Família , un programa Brasileiro de transferencia de ingresos. Los principales resultados implican que, en el corto plazo, el proyecto en general ha jugado un papel positivo en la vida de la población de bajos ingresos. Sin embargo, la mejora observada en las variables analizadas no significa necesariamente un incremento en el bienestar familiar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".