Reframing plant strategies: Identifying a competitive-facilitative continuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A standard belief is that species can be organized in competitive hierarchies, leading to concepts of plant strategies. Based on species' average competition values, this approach may fail to predict specific outcomes and overlook common facilitative interactions, biasing understandings of species interactions. Using a mesocosm experiment, we examined interactions of 13 native grassland species grown alone and in 168 pairwise combinations under two nutrient conditions. We measured the positive and negative effects of plants on neighbours and their responses to neighbours. All species engaged in both facilitative and competitive interactions, and neighbour effects and responses were positively related, suggesting that species specialize at either end of the interaction gradient. Nutrient addition reduced the strength of both competitive and facilitative plant-plant interactions, thereby reducing variation in plant growth. These results suggest the existence of a competition-facilitation continuum, integrating both effects on and from neighbours, along which plant strategies may fall.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".