The Psychological Effects of Sport-related Concussion on Rehabilitation Adherence and Motor Learning Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sport-related concussions significantly impact athletes, affecting psychological health and recovery outcomes. This meta-analysis examined the influence of psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, and motivation, on rehabilitation adherence and motor learning in athletes recovering from concussions, with subgroup analyses by gender, age, and sport type. A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO identified five studies, revealing that anxiety and depression consistently reduced rehabilitation adherence, while low motivation delayed motor skill reacquisition. Female athletes exhibited higher anxiety and depression levels, younger athletes experienced greater emotional distress, and contact-sport athletes faced more severe psychological effects compared to non-contact sports. Although minimal heterogeneity was found (I² = 0%), potential publication bias was noted in the funnel plot. These findings underscore the critical role of psychological factors in recovery, highlighting the need for integrated mental health interventions and motivational strategies to improve rehabilitation and motor learning. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and targeted psychological interventions to enhance recovery protocols for athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.013 | 0.022 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".