‘To Listen to Both Sides Equally’: Just Judgment in the Athenian Courts
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Classical Athens is often celebrated as a model of deliberative democracy and a reminder of the value of talking with others. The historical Athens, however, complicates this picture. In certain political contexts, the Athenians did not think that talking with others would serve justice or democratic equality and they prohibited verbal deliberation among jurors in the popular courts ( dikasteria ). In this article, I explain why they did so. I argue that the jurors’ oath’s injunction to ‘listen to both sides equally’ is at the heart of the Athenian conception of just judicial judgment, and I show how Athenians sought to generate unbiased, democratic and egalitarian judgment during trials without relying on a notion of impartiality that requires dispassion or disinterestedness.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it