Partial diel vertical migration and niche partitioning in Mysis revealed by stable isotopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diel vertical migration (DVM) is critical for moving energy and nutrients between surface and deep waters. Mysis sp. (Crustacea: Mysidae) facilitates this process by serving as predator and prey in both benthic and pelagic habitats. Mysis can also exhibit partial DVM (pDVM), where some individuals do not migrate into the pelagia at night or to the benthos during the day. However, whether Mysis pDVM is a fixed (i.e., same individuals migrate) or random (i.e., random individuals migrate) behavior remains unclear. To evaluate that, we tested whether Mysis exhibit pDVM and niche partitioning in Lake Superior by collecting Mysis from benthic and pelagic habitats day and night across depths ranging from 50 to 250 m and estimating their isotopic niche size (δ 13 C, δ 15 N; Corrected Standard Ellipse Area − SEA c ) and overlap among three life stages. At the population level, Mysis exhibited fixed pDVM structured by life stage. Benthic Mysis (12.9 ± 3.2 mm, mean ± SD) were larger than pelagic Mysis during night (9.6 ± 3.6 mm) and day (8.5 ± 3.6 mm). Adult Mysis (> 15 mm) had larger SEA c (1.8 ± 0.4 ‰ 2 ) compared to juveniles (< 10 mm; 0.3 ± 0.1 ‰ 2 ) and sub-adults (10–15 mm; 0.7 ± 0.2 ‰ 2 ), and their isotopic niche did not overlap with smaller life stages. Adults exhibited random pDVM (i.e., high isotopic niche overlap), whereas juveniles exhibited fixed pDVM (i.e., low overlap). Our observations indicate complex behaviors across and within Mysis life stages, likely due to varying pressures including size-selective predation, light and temperature thresholds, and nutritional requirements. Consequently, the benthic behavior of adult Mysis needs to be considered in monitoring programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".