ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА КОН’ЮНКТУРИ РИНКІВ ЄС ТА МІЖНАРОДНУ СТРАТЕГІЮ УКРАЇНИ
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the impact of global transformations on changes in the conjuncture of global commodity markets and service markets, as well as on the formation of Ukraine's national strategy for functioning in foreign sales markets. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: to analyze the positive and negative factors of globalization on the economy and life of countries, including Ukraine; to determine the impact of globalization processes on the conditions of the commodity markets of the European Union and its features regarding stock exchange trading of natural gas; propose strategic measures to improve natural gas exchange trading in Ukraine. Globalization transformations have positive and negative consequences, but for the developed countries of the world they are more positive. For developing countries and countries with a transition economy, negative consequences can lead to the loss of state independence. Therefore, Ukraine's strategy for exiting and functioning on international markets, especially on the markets of the European Union, is aimed at covering the deficit of the country's balance of payments. In the process of transformation, transnational and multinational corporations, economic and political groups appear, new rules and requirements arise, i.e. a new economic situation regarding trade in commodities, including natural gas. In the European Union, natural gas is traded on the following exchanges: ICE/APX (London); APX/NP-Endex (Amsterdam); Powernext (Paris); EEX (Leipzig). A system of hubs has been introduced for natural gas trade in the European Union, and the price is determined based on the location of gas supply (hub), takes into account seasonality and is based on the use of futures contracts. Exchange trading gives participants the opportunity to control commodity prices and purchase a strategic resource (natural gas) ahead of time, meeting the needs of the country, corporations, and enterprises in advance. Studies have shown the feasibility of using exchange trading of natural gas through hubs, therefore it is proposed to build three hubs in Ukraine - Western (Lviv), East-Central (Kharkiv, Poltava) and Southern (Odesa). The international strategy of Ukraine in relation to natural gas should be based on the formation of a mixed supply of gas (these can be players of the national market, European markets, the markets of the USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) on the stock exchange to establish optimal prices for natural gas in within futures contracts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".