Hippocampal Volume Reductions in Key Regions and Their Role in Disease Progression in Adolescents at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder: Findings From the <scp>sBEAD</scp> Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Hippocampal subfield pathology is established in bipolar disorder (BD); yet no studies have investigated these alterations in adolescents at clinical high risk for BD (MDD‐Sub), which is a critical gap given adolescence as a neurodevelopmental window for early intervention. Methods We analyzed baseline 3D T1‐weighted MRI data from 72 adolescents at Clinical High Risk for BD “MDD‐Sub”MDD‐Sub vs. MDD‐nSub, 74 pure adolescents with MDD (MDD‐nSub), and 72 healthy adolescents (HC) aged 12–18 years in the sBEAD cohort. Hippocampal subfields were segmented using FreeSurfer 7.3.1. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months to ensure that no participants progressed to schizophrenia or developed new manic symptoms in the MDD‐nSub group. Results MDD‐Sub exhibited significant volume reductions in the left cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA3, CA4, molecular layer (ML) and dentate gyrus (DG) even after controlling for medication effects (d Hc Vs. Mdd‐sub = 0.70–0.78; d MDD‐Sub vs. MDD‐nSub = 0.50–0.61). Strikingly, illness duration > 1 year predicted volumetric increases in bilateral CA1/ML/DG and left CA3/CA4 ( R 2 = 0.13–0.21, p < 0.05), replicated in medication‐naïve MDD‐Sub ( n = 32). MDD‐nSub showed no subfield differences versus HC and MDD‐Sub. Conclusions This first hippocampal subfield study in BD high‐risk adolescents suggests that prodromal‐specific left CA1, CA3, CA4, ML, and DG atrophy may help differentiate BD risk from unipolar depression, while nonlinear volumetric trajectories, characterized by early reductions followed by compensatory increases with prolonged illness duration, provide new perspectives on classical neurodegeneration paradigms. These findings provide initial biological support for stage‐specific interventions, enhancing neuroplasticity pre‐conversion versus neuroprotection post‐conversion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".