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Record W4408168169 · doi:10.1159/000544104

Exploring Associations between Cannabis Prices, Stores, and Usage after Recreational Legalization

2025· article· en· W4408168169 on OpenAlex
Michael J. Armstrong

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueEuropean Addiction Research · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicCannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Canadian institutionsBrock University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLegalizationCannabisRecreationRecreational useEnvironmental healthPsychologyMedicinePsychiatryBiologyEcology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

INTRODUCTION: Canada legalized recreational cannabis in October 2018, but commercial retailing took time to develop. This study first explored how self-reported cannabis use prevalence, daily use, product type use, and age of initial use changed during 2019-2023. It then analyzed whether the changes were associated with rising store numbers or falling prices. METHODS: Data on store counts, retail pricing, and cannabis use came from government reports covering 10 provinces over 5 years. Panel data linear regressions analyzed 50 province-year aggregated observations. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in prevalence among males and people aged 16-24 or in the proportion using cannabis daily. Prevalence among females and people aged 25+ increased; those levels showed negative associations with prices but not stores. Dried cannabis use decreased, while edibles use increased; those also showed associations with prices but not stores. Mean initial age of use increased; it was negatively associated with prices and positively with stores. CONCLUSION: Canada's large cannabis retail expansion was accompanied by relatively modest usage changes, most of which showed associations with falling prices but not rising store counts.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.435
Threshold uncertainty score0.516

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.137
GPT teacher head0.375
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it