LIF measurement of turbulent horizontal dense jets in stagnant ambient
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the behavior of turbulent horizontal dense jets (THDJs) under varying bottom confinement scenarios using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques. The experiments aim to extend the current understanding of both mean and turbulent characteristics of these jets as they propagate streamwise up to 75 nozzle diameters ( 75 D ) from the nozzle exit. The selected scenarios avoid typical wall jet and Coanda effects, focusing instead on medium and low bottom confinements. A comprehensive study on the concentration fluctuation field was carried out along and across the trajectories for multiple sections. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis reveals that buoyancy-induced instabilities in the lower layer impede the formation of helical or axisymmetric structures. It turns out that contribution of turbulence in the most confined case ( H / D = 3 ) was more than the rest of the scenarios. • Explores turbulent horizontal dense jets under varying confinement. • Extends understanding of jet propagation dynamics. • Reveals the impact of confinement on dilution and turbulence characteristics. • Contributes to environmental management practices in brine disposal. • Utilizes proper orthogonal decomposition to analyze flow structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".